Are we crafted, as human beings, even with "flaws," to fit an exact role at an exact time? God is sovereign; yes, even atheists and demons believe this, and shudder. But is God sovereign over your choice of Coca-Cola over Pepsi? Over whether you obey or disobey (in the moment and in the long-term)? Whether you hear or plug your ears? Whether you live or die (or rather, how long you die on this planet)? Whether the sky brings rain or hail; sand or locusts; sun or shade? Whether the nations war or kiss the Son? Whether you go to point A or point B? Whether you go to UC Irvine or Stanford? (Rhetorical answer: yes.)
All those questions came from a very simple chore of mine: that of cleaning my cat's litter box. It's actually a pretty funny thing, for our cat stays outdoors, and litter boxes are generally used as indoor substitutes for... you know, pooping. Whenever I walk by her box, she runs over to the box, sits in it, and starts to put on her best "don't-you-see-how-degrading-and-sad-my-life-is" cat-smile. I realize that doesn't make a lot of sense, buuuuuuut I figure you know at least ONE cat person, reader, who can empathize and explain this clause.
I really don't mind cleaning my cat's litter box. This is mainly because I simply can't smell very well. I have pretty lame allergies to lots of things, from the spring air to cat dander to pollen to dust. It's fun being me! I'm sure this poor sense of smell will come in handy when I start cooking for myself...
Thus, because I cannot smell well, it is a small sacrifice for me to clean up my cat's feces. If I were a [Gentile] slave back in Jesus's day, I would not have minded performing the lowest of services in washing the feet of guests. But foot-washing will have to wait for another day, if this log would be concise.
[Practical application:
A wise friend of mine once said that it is a small sacrifice to sit in the middle of the backseat of a sedan, as no one else enjoys that spot's cramped leg space and tight elbow room. But in my case, such a sacrifice would be an inconvenience and safety hazard to a driver who over-utilizes his rear-view mirror.... cough, Calvin. Cough. Cough.]
[Greeking out! "Allergy" comes from two Greek words-- άλλος + έργον, which are "other" + "work," respectively. So "allergy" means "it works an other way," which is exactly what it means how we use the word in English. If you have an allergic reaction to a bee's venom, your body works/acts/responds in an other way.]
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You will say then unto me, "Why does He yet find fault? For who has resisted His will?" (Romans 9:19)
No-- is the apostle Paul's appropriately stern answer. Who are you, O man, to talk back to God?
"But that's not an answer!" I cry. Yet the answer is obvious: God is sovereign over all things, for He is the I AM before all things.
Yet of course when I veer to the side of Coca-Cola, it is a choice of mine, though my taste buds may have been predeterminately inclined towards bitter over sweet. (This isn't true, except in the instance of Coke > Pepsi. I prefer root beer over both.) Anyways, such arbitrary choices that have (seemingly) no eternal weight
are indeed chosen by God. A good Bible teacher of mine at Valley Christian didn't believe that. She held that God governs the decisions that matter (e.g. salvation via faith by grace in the Son), but that it was her choice to prefer Coca-Cola over Pepsi. And yet God will judge His creatures by their choices--whether they a) heeded the general call of nature to believe in the LORD and then beg forgiveness in the blood of His Lamb or b) covered their ears in stubborn refusal to rise from slumber. How can this be? For who CAN resist His will? (Rhetorical answer: No one can, no one has, and no one will.)
[The apostle Paul really likes rhetorical questions. I like that about him.]
This, from my noob's course on philosophy, is called the
agent causation approach to free will. That is, free will
doesn't exist on the ultimate scale, as something (Christians acknowledge this in the loving God, our heavenly Father, who created all things from the word of His command) ultimately caused everything that now is, and thus is ultimately responsible for everything that now is, both good and evil. However, free will
does exist, as creatures make choices all the time and are held accountable for them.
If you rob a store, then you serve time in prison. (I don't like prison. Scratch that example.) If you pull a cat's tail, then it will scratch you. If you kill a man, by man will you be killed. If you cheat on a test, you will not learn and probably will get caught, thus earning larger-than-lex-talionis punishments. If you forget to fill the car with gas, it will not run. If you start rumors, you will destroy your relationships. If you want to learn how to skateboard, you will need to be prepared to suffer many falls. If you would like to date/court a girl, you will need to set aside resources to spend quality time together. And so on, and so forth. Attic Greek even provides entire complex and nuanced forms of sentences to illustrate these if/then conditions.
(Modern) Philosophy presents a false dichotomy when it comes to free will. It doesn't take into account the sovereignty of an all powerful, all knowing, all present, and all benevolent God. Philosophers say that either determinism is or isn't compatible with free will. "Determinism" is the secular and atheistic view of sovereignty minus God, a universe spun wildly and mystically out of control, the perfectly yet randomly sculpted steering wheel intact but untouched. "Compatibilist" philosophers would say that determinism
is compatible with free will, for freedom and responsibility for one's actions are compatible with a predetermined fate. On the other hand, "Incompatibilist" philosophers would say determinism
isn't compatible with free will, for if all things have been determined (e.g. predestination), then one cannot be held truly free and responsible for one's actions.
[Can a murderer use this philosophy before a judge who is an eyewitness to the murder? Could he stand up, vow upon the Bible, and then proclaim the living God to be responsible for the murder and the murderer's bloodstained hands?
No. You won't wash your hands that easily before a merciful God who suffered in the place of a murderer.]
Back to philosophy. The
agent causation approach falls under the "compatibilist" arch-category, and basically means this: "not all events are completely determined (predestined from eternity past), but are determined (chosen within our lifetimes) by agents, not events. Agents can be causes. Humans are exceptions to determinism (!). Agents cause their own wants, desires, preferences, and thus the actions that proceed from them."
[I understand, as a Christian, how this is fairly close to Christian theology regarding free will. Christians believe man, being bound by his sinful nature (depravity), is free to act however he pleases according to that depravity, thus producing the most abominable of sins. When a sinner is converted by grace through faith in the redemptive work of Christ's salvation and propitiation of obedience (how's that for a Greek clause!), (s)he is freed from the guilt and power of sin, and thus is free to act according to a new nature, a new man, the image of God being revived by the Holy Spirit. This is not to say Christians don't sin, nor does it assert that sinners cannot do rightly. This doctrine simply states what man is "free" to do. A Christian can foolishly bind himself to sin, as can an unregenerate sinner be constrained to do rightly.]
However, the philosophy regarding
agent causation is flawed when it begins to refer to humans as being prime movers, causes within ourselves, and exceptions to determinism (predestination). Rather, we are agents with unwritten history and several moral obligations.
Agent Causation is, I believe, the best sub-category of modern philosophy that explains free will and determinism, for it operates with the dichotomy of
1. If determinism (predestination) is false, then events aren't caused, and chaos reigns. (Obviously chaos doesn't reign, e.g. mathematical laws, gravity, language, logic)
2. If
we are not able to control events (predestination), then how can we be free and responsible?
In a sense, even Christians do not have free wills. The will of the Christian ought to be subjected to the will of Christ, that every knee should bow and every tongue profess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father... and in the face of all Caesars and idols who would demand primary loyalty. That the name and knowledge of the LORD would cover the earth as the waters cover the seas. That His people would rejoice in peace and song for His great deliverance. That His kingdom come and His will be done in earth as it is done in heaven.
An example of this non-freedom which will stick with me to my dying day is the example of a man who has a problem with lust. He has wicked desires to rape pretty girls who walk the streets at night in the dangerous side of town. Therefore, in a valiant effort to surrender his FREE WILL to rape or not to rape women, this man educates himself about the horrors and brutality of rape. He studies numbers and statistics of women who walk around afraid of the wicked potential of men to exercise their FREE WILL to take advantage of women. He joins accountability groups. (In my imagination, he finds counseling in a church by a caring pastor, and marries a beautiful Christian girl and lives happily ever after... until he has children and worries himself sick over his daughters.) Thus, he renders any action or choice of his to commit rape unthinkable and abhorrent to his very soul. He cannot choose but to NOT rape. Therefore, the action to NOT rape is an exercise of his FREE WILL, even if only by the consciously intentional narrowing of options.
You will say then, "Why should we evangelize or pray if God knows all things? Need we inform him of needs or praises or history? Need we evangelize?"
No. You err, foolish self, whenever you think this way. Because you are a tool, an agent, and a means in this world, you will be a light that doesn't hide itself under a bowl of "God-doesn't-need-me" disorder. And as for prayer, why do you question the love and grace of God, to always allow you to come into His throne-room with fear and trembling, as a child of the king who extends His scepter of iron in peace, covered in the blood of the Lamb? Why do you doubt the grace and lovingkindness of a Father who desires to use prayer as a means of grace and a provision for your thirsty soul and for change in this world. Prayers are not like coins in a slot machine, nor are they like last week's newspaper, soggy and forlorn on God's front lawn. Prayers are pleas for pardon, cries for courage, a persistent widow who seeks justice.
Christianity according to the Bible does not allow for fatalism. Even modern philosophy recognizes this about determinism. "Determinism does not automatically carry the implication that human action has no influence on events and therefore that freedom is an illusion." In other terms, the principle "If P, then had Q been the case, P would [still] have been the case" is false! "If determinism is true, your actions are beyond your control" (Van Inwagen, philosopher endorsing the incompatibilist approach to determinism + free will).
Philosophy asks the rhetorical question, "Does foreknowledge imply fatalism? What if you found a book titled
Book of Your Life? Would you be controlled (thereby lacking free will) if someone (e.g. God) knew everything about you, past/present/future?"
"No." --The apostle Paul